Targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 non-redundantly mobilizes and activates alternate T cell components, with CTLA-4 shown to inhibit priming and generation of antigen-specific T cells in the lymph nodes whereas PD-1 limits CD8+ T cell numbers in the tissue, for superior anti-tumor outcomes (8, 9). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and neoplasm.