An additional therapeutic approach to re-educate the TME and bolster the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy is combination treatment with FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) and poly I:C treatment, to expand and enhance maturation of anti-tumor CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) resulting in a dramatic increase of intratumoral T cells (37). Here, ITGAE is linked to neoplasm.