Collectively, these data of CD103+DC in other tissues lead to a hypothesis that vascular CD103+DCs could also induce Treg differentiation and recruitment in early atherosclerotic lesions via TGF-β/retinoic acid or CCL22 pathways, respectively, which agrees with previous reports that vascular CD103+DCs protect against atherosclerosis via Tregs (18). Here, ITGAE is linked to atherosclerosis.