In contrast to immature DCs, ApoE−/− mice receiving mature GM-DCs loaded with the modified autoantigen, MDA-LDL (malondialdehyde-modified LDL), suffered from aggravated atherosclerosis with a 40% increase in lesion size, augmented vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression, and increased MDA-LDL-specific IgG/IgM levels, but no induced Tregs (167). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and atherosclerosis.