Infection of cells by human rhinovirus, HRSV, coronavirus, or influenza A virus is known to increase the PAFR expression level and enhance the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae to lower respiratory epithelial cells (Avadhanula et al., 2006; Hendaus et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene PTAFR and infection.