TLR4 and ischemic stroke: In addition, studies with Gap19-treated mice after ischemic stroke induced by MCAO found that Gap19 could attenuate the white matter infarct volume by suppressing the expression of Cx43 and of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) as well as inhibiting Toll-like receptor 4 pathway activation; experiments with in vitro OGD ischemic stroke models have also confirmed these results (55).