OSR1 and central nervous system cancer: We previously found that TMZ stimulated NKCC1 protein upregulation and activation in human primary glioma cells (GC#99 and GC#22) through With-No-K (lysine) kinase 1 (WNK1) and oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) signaling pathway (Zhu et al., 2014).