SLC12A2 and glioma: It has shown that TMZ stimulates AKT and ERK pathways in human glioma cells (Sun et al., 2012; Bi et al., 2018) but formation of NKCC1 protein and Leu transporter LAT1 complex inhibits AKT/ERK-mTOR1 activation in epithelial cells in response to amino acid-mediated stimulation (Demian et al., 2019).