TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Since tissue resident macrophages release pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (Kershaw and Flier, 2004), obesity is seen as a state of chronic inflammation thereby not only influencing the immune response but also several metabolic processes like energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism (Coelho et al., 2013).