TNF and COVID-19: These mechanisms are concordant with observed clinical markers in COVID-19, including high expression of inflammatory cytokines on the TNF-α/IL-6 axis, elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), diffuse alveolar damage via cell apoptosis in respiratory epithelia and vascular endothelia, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP), high production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), depressed platelet count, and thrombosis.