NPPB and Obesity: Clinically, only brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or its precursor N-terminus proBNP (NTproBNP) has been validated for HF diagnosis, and they were affected by many other conditions such as advanced age, female gender, renal disease and acute coronary syndromes, and obesity or flash pulmonary edema (Goetze et al., 2005).