TLR4 and Abnormal intestine morphology: A recent study also indicates a role for Gram-positive microorganisms in the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced enteropathy since increased protein expression of both TLR2 (which binds the outer membrane of Gram-positive bacteria) and TLR4 (which binds major cell wall components of Gram-negative bacteria) and an increased biosynthesis of IL-1β have been reported in a rat model of diclofenac-induced small intestinal damage (Colucci et al., 2018).