The involvement of Gram-negative bacteria in the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced enteropathy seems to be linked to the activation of toll like receptor (TLR)4 that enhances inflammation and contributes to intestinal lesions (Watanabe et al., 2008a; Nadatani et al., 2012; Higashimori et al., 2016). Here, TLR4 is linked to Abnormal intestine morphology.