TLR4 and colitis: In comparison with non-colitic mice, DSS colitis was associated with changes in the intestinal immune response, as evidenced by the increased (p < 0.05) colonic expression of different pro-inflammatory markers, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), chemokines (MCP-1 and MIP-2), ICAM-1, cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), and iNOS (Figures 7A1–7, B1).