TNF and colitis: According to researchers, flavonoids suppressed the activation of TLR-4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway, leading to a decrease in gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1B, and IL-6, COX-2, TFF-3, and iNOS proteins in the intestinal mucosa in colitis model (Park et al., 2012; Sotnikova et al., 2013; Vezza et al., 2016; Duan et al., 2020).