TNF and Alzheimer disease: Current studies have shown that in early vascular dysfunction of AD, inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), are released, thus increasing cerebral vascular permeability (Qiu et al., 2016), enabling AGEs and other neurotoxicants to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and cause AGE deposition.