TNF and Alzheimer disease: However, paradoxically in two AD mouse models, CX3CR1 deficiency decreases microglia activation and production of proinflammatory molecules such as IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1 or CCL2), increasing its phagocytic activity and helping the reduction of β-amyloid protein accumulation (Lee et al., 2010).