SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Supporting this theory, robust activation of microglia and astrocytes has been observed in postmortem ALS human tissue and animal models (Tam et al., 2019), as well as CD4+ T cells in both SOD1 mutant mice (Alexianu et al., 2001) and in ALS human brains (Kawamata et al., 1992).