MAPK1 and neoplasm: The influence of CTHRC1 on various events in tumor progression is based on its regulation of various signaling pathways such as TGF-β, Wnt, integrin β/FAK, Src/FAK, MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/ERK, HIF-1α, and PKC-δ/ERK signaling pathways (see Figure 2).