Indeed, the TNIP1 gene is associated clinically with female-biased autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis [88–90], which are diseases characteristic of an over-active immune system and here we also find TNIP1 to be significantly upregulated in female tortoises. Here, TNIP1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.