SMAD3 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: Additionally, although the expression of Smad3 did not differ significantly among the groups, the expression of p‐Smad3 changed under different conditions, which significantly up‐regulated in CAVD model group (P < .05) and NC group (P < .01), but significantly down‐regulated in antagomiR‐29b treatment when compared with the CAVD model (P < .05, Figure 3).