The non-COX antitumor mechanism of aspirin includes the inhibition of the NF-κB or STAT3 pathway.164 Aspirin induces apoptosis by upregulating tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and DR5 receptor or autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR pathway in cancer cells and xenografts.167,168 Numerous investigations have demonstrated that aspirin can target specialized TME. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and cancer.