IL6 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Using murine PDAC models, in vivo blockade of IL-6 enhanced efficacy of anti-PD-L1 antibodies in a CD8+ T-cell-dependent manner.85 The combination of blocking IL-6 and PD-L1 has since been extended to models of brain, colon, non-small cell lung cancer and others.86–88 These preclinical data provide rationale for an ongoing early phase clinical trial at our institution that encompasses a robust series of correlative studies on immune and stromal biomarkers in paired biopsies (NCT04191421).