Cardiovascular disease, smoking history, confusion, leukocytes > 10 × 109/L, lymphocytes < 0.8 × 109/L, Hb < 100 g/L, BUN > 7 mmol/L, arterial pH < 7.35 on admission, early use of NAIs and systemic corticosteroids during hospitalization were more common in the deceased group compared with the survival group, while BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and COPD were less common. Here, GSTM1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.