Further, we also applied a systematic approach by collecting and analyzing the previously available data on the osteopontin polymorphisms in association with urolithiasis susceptibility, as determined by candidate gene association studies using urolithiasis patients and healthy controls, in the form of a meta-analysis that evaluated the varying results of previous studies and provided a more comprehensive and accurate estimate of any existent association expressed as OR (95% CI) and associated p-value. Here, SPP1 is linked to urolithiasis.