TGFB1 and neoplasm: Although no unanimous opinion exists regarding the time point when TGFβ switches from being a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter, studies mostly report that it acts in the interphase of stromal -epithelial interaction and exerts its effect through three different TGFβ receptors—TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3on tumor cells, as well as on nonmalignant stromal cells such as fibroblasts and ECs [76].