TNF and neoplasm: Moreover, intranasal Mn2+ administration induced robust TNFα production in alveolar macrophages (Supplementary information, Fig. S4f and Table S1), which also contributed to DC maturation and CD8+ T cell activation.50,51 Further, Mn2+ pretreatment before tumor inoculation significantly increased IFNγ production by CD8+ TILs and thus elevated tumor resistance (Fig. 3h, i; Supplementary information, Fig. S4g), indicating a preventative protection by sensitizing the innate immunity.