Indeed, NOD1/2 knockouts in murine models have revealed these receptors as critical in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and development of atherosclerosis.156 Butyrate producers including Eubacterium spp., therefore, may play an important role in the gut-heart axis; they can restore a dysbiotic gut microbiota and modulate inflammation in ACVD subjects and merit further exploration as potential therapeutics. The gene discussed is NOD1; the disease is atherosclerosis.