and butyrate producers have been positively associated with insulin sensitivity in several studies.116,117 Recent independent studies which compared metagenomes from healthy and T2D individuals, have clearly indicated a potential correlation between gut microbiota and T2D pathophysiology.118,119 The studies, carried out in Chinese and European populations, both reported a significant reduction of butyrate producers including Eubacterium spp. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.