MTOR and age-related macular degeneration: Several studies have shown that promoting autophagy through various signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/protein kinase B (Akt)/mTOR pathway [76, 77], the AMPK/mTOR pathway [38], the p62/Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2) pathway, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1) pathway [78, 79], could reduce the occurrence of AMD.