Other markers indicative of cell proliferation were also increased: PCNA protein increased in bronchial epithelial cells at 4 h after ESW challenge; Thy1 (CD90) protein increased in CS–primary bronchial fibroblasts at 24 and 72 h after ESW treatment; molecules more related to remodeling, such as TGFβ1 protein, were increased in CS–primary bronchial fibroblasts at 72 h after ESW treatment and procollagen-1 protein increased at 4 h, followed by a decrease at 24 h, in COPD–primary bronchial fibroblasts after ESW treatment. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.