AKT1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: PAA has been found to induce hepatic steatosis by lowering protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation and affect BCAA metabolism by increasing acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short/branched chain (ACADSB) expression in primary hepatocytes and mice, indicating the causal role of PAA in NAFLD [67].