TNF and Cognitive impairment: Using a surgical model of AD, Aβ toxicity induced via single intracerebral ventricular injection of Aβ1-42, treatment with INT-777 (6α-ethyl-23(S)-methylcholic acid, a TGR5 agonist) significantly attenuated the cognitive impairment and decreased neuroinflammation, as measured by decreased proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine production and microglia activation [77].