Supporting this, comparisons of gut microbiota between normal individual and colorectal cancer patients reveals that the predominant flora in colorectal cancer are pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli strains harboring polyketide synthase (pks) pathogenicity islands, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum [38,39,40]. Here, ARAF is linked to colorectal cancer.