In this cohort, CHIP was frequently detected and was associated with significantly worse long-term survival and re-hospitalization due to heart failure independent from the baseline heart failure level according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) Score, left ventricular ejection fraction, or serum levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) [29]. Here, NPPB is linked to heart failure.