Furthermore, experimental studies showed that TNF and IL1β, which are released from endothelial cells during viral infection, are able to activate endothelial cells via NFκB pathway, which finally induces the new genes expression associated with the inflammatory response, i.e., adhesion molecules like vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) [55]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to viral infectious disease.