COL1A1 and ulcer disease: To summarize, our data show that ES, in the form of microcurrents, promotes the activation of ERK 1/2 and p38 in the cell types implicated in wound or fracture healing, increases the expression levels of Col1A1 and Mmp19, which are critical molecules for ulcers’ healing and upregulates TGF-β1, MAPKs and Hedgehog signaling pathways.