NPPA and acute kidney injury: Currently, there is no evidence to support any pharmacological interventions to prevent or treat AKI, namely the use of continuous infusions of dopamine or its analogues, diuretics, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) ACE inhibitors, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), statins, dexmedetomidine, sodium bicarbonate, erythropoietin (EPO) [84].