The low expression of LPP1 in cancer cells is associated with increased expression of the metalloproteinases, (MMP)-1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13 and cyclin D1/D3, which are transcribed downstream of the AP1 (Fos-Jun) complex and the tumors have increased expression of c-Fos and c-Jun [27]. Here, PLPP1 is linked to cancer.