Accordingly, we found that in malignant melanoma, S102 phosphorylated nuclear YB-1 is associated with increased cell survival as well as therapy resistance towards chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies with MAPK pathway inhibitors [20,21], while unphosphorylated cytoplasmic YB-1 stimulates the migration, invasion, and tumourigenicity of melanoma cells [17]. This evidence concerns the gene YBX1 and melanoma.