In order to investigate the molecules activated by tumor stroma-TME interaction, Ohira et al. demonstrated that, by co-culturing fibroblasts and two different iCCA cell lines, CCA-associated fibroblasts express SDF-1, promoting the invasion and migration of tumor cells via the SDF-1/CXCR4 molecular axis [96]. Here, CXCL12 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.