VWF and Alzheimer disease: Markers of endothelial activation (EA) and dysfunction, such as plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and sE-selectin were associated with reduced executive functioning and information processing speed in older subjects without [70] or with late-onset AD or vascular dementia [71].