TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In this context, the imbalance between pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-21, IL-23, IL-17), and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β, IL-35) cytokines in the intestinal microenvironment is the hallmark of IBD and plays a key role in tissue damage and chronic inflammation [15].