PTEN and cancer: PD-L1 constitutive expression in cancer cells may be due to several oncogenic pathways, including chromosome 9 amplification [33,34], PTEN deletions, PI3K/AKT [35], and EGFR mutations [36], MYC overexpression [37], CDK5 disruption [38], and increased PD-L1 transcription [39,40].