The presence of several growth factors and chemokines including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and CCL-5 in MSC-conditioned medium in 2D suggests that, once within the TME, MSCs secrete growth factors that promote tumour growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion through direct paracrine actions and remodelling of extracellular matrix [8,9,10,11]; thus, activated signalling axes identified in this way may provide therapeutic targets. Here, CCL2 is linked to neoplasm.