Because IKKβ targeting in KRAS-induced lung cancer reduces tumour histological grade, angiogenesis and is required for activation of NF-κB [17,22,24], which, in turn, has been shown to be critical for TIC activity in different contexts [20], we hypothesised that IKKβ would be activated in KRAS-induced lung TICs. Here, NFKB1 is linked to lung carcinoma.