Based on insights gained into the molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC in the past 10 years, common mutations in genes encoding EGFR-TKIs (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors), programmed cell death protein 1, and members of the epidermal growth factor receptor super-family have been treated clinically with targeted tyrosine-kinase inhibitors [37–43]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.