MCP-1/CCL-2 plays animportant role in leukocyte infiltration into the kidney and in the development oftubulo-interstitial fibrosis.29 Theinhibition of MCP-1/CCL2 overproduction caused by albumin exposure was shown torestore podocyte dysfunction in rats.30 Thecurrent literature shows significant correlations between urine MCP-1/CCL-2 andprotein levels in patients with lupus nephritis or primary glomerulonephritis.31,32 Several studies have also evaluated urineMCP-1/CCL2 levels in kidney diseases in children. This evidence concerns the gene ALB and lupus nephritis.