NFKB1 and infection: Under conditions of infection with WT V. vulnificus, HT-29 cells upregulated KLF2, KLF4, and KLF6 and downregulated NLRP3, TLR4, and CXCR4 (Fig. 3C), suggesting that the MARTX toxin interrupts inflammatory responses, NF-κB signaling, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in infected cells (65).