TAAR1 and colitis: Because DSS-induced colitis is primarily mediated by innate immune mechanisms with a limited contribution of adaptive immunity (Kiesler et al, 2015) and the anti–CTLA-4 treatment is expected to induce a vigorous T cell response, we asked whether the protective effect of Tα1 could be still present in the DSS plus anti–CTLA-4 model, in which a concerted action of innate and adaptive immunity contributes to gastrointestinal toxicity.