In the context of PAH, recombinant BMP9 administration has been shown to induce BMPR2 expression in blood-derived circulating ECs from PAH patients carrying different heterozygous BMPR2 mutations and has beneficial hemodynamic and anti-remodeling effects in PH animal surrogate models when applied preventively or therapeutically [14]. This evidence concerns the gene GDF2 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.