TNF and Airway obstruction: Other studies suggest that intranasal CUR (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) regulates airway inflammation and airway obstruction by modulating cytokine levels (IL‐4, IL‐5, IFN‐α, and TNF‐α) and sPLA2 activity thereby inhibiting PGD2 release and COX‐2 expression (Kumari, Dash, & Singh, 2017; Masella, Di Benedetto, Varì, Filesi, & Giovannini, 2005; Subhashini, Chauhan, Dash, Paul, & Singh, 2016).