Pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that genes highly expressed in LSC were enriched in pathways essential for stem cell maintenance and function, including immune response and G-protein signaling (34, 35), whereas genes highly expressed in LIC or LDC were enriched in pathways related to the committed cell function, including smooth muscle contraction, ESR1 nuclear pathway, and TGF-β signaling, which are known to be important for LM tumorigenesis (33, 36) (Fig. 2D). Here, TGFB1 is linked to lymphangioma.