DUSP4 and neoplasm: By overlapping these cancer-versus-healthy tissue Treg signatures with significantly upregulated genes in uTregs (versus bTregs), we identified 12 cancer-specific genes expressed by uTregs (Figure 7D): CD80, IL1R2, LAYN, MYO7A, TNFRSF4, TNS3, TRAF3, VDR, DUSP4, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, and IFI6. The first 8 of these were also part of the uTreg-specific core signature, again highlighting the specificity c.q. importance of receptors IL1R2, LAYN, TNFRSF4, and CD80 and transcription factor VDR for human Tregs in a tumor-like microenvironment.