TNF and atrial fibrillation: Findings support that high levels of HSP27 are related to lower levels of remodeling with decreased progression to recurrent atrial fibrillation by the following mechanisms: HSP27 stabilizes the cytoskeleton by bonding to F‐actin and ɑ actin; it helps myocyte membrane potential maintenance by binding to l‐type calcium channels; it inhibits TNF‐α pathways and increase IL‐10, an anti‐inflammatory cytokine.136