We stained sections of whole tumour-bearing kidneys with antibodies against CD3 to label T cells, CD4 to label helper T cells, CD8 to label effector T cells, CD69 as an early activation marker of T cells and NK cells, perforin to label activated cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, PD-1 to label antigen-exposed activated or exhausted T cells, B220 to label B cells, CD68 to label monocytes and macrophages, F4/80 to label differentiated macrophages, and Ly-6G to label granulocytes and neutrophils. Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.