MAPKi relives the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 axis and thus further elevates autophagic flux in Ras/RAF-mutated cancer cells, which adapts Ras-mutated cancer cells to MAPKi [25, 254], or promotes drug tolerance and subsequent resistance of RAF-mutated cancer cells [253] (Fig. 5). Here, RAF1 is linked to cancer.